picture
of apothecium
A
Acervulus (pl. = acervuli):
A subepidermal, saucer-shaped, asexual fruiting body producing conidia
on short conidiophores.
active ingredient: xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
Aecium (pl. aecia):
A club-shaped fruiting body of the rust fungi which produces aeciospores.
Aeciospore (pl. aeciospores):
A dikaryotic rust spore produced in an aecium.
Apothecium (pl. apothecia):
An open cup or saucer-shaped ascocarp of some ascomycete
fungi.
Appressorium (pl. appressoria)
The swollen tip of a hypha or germ
tube that facilitates attachment and penetration of the host by the
fungus.
Ascus (pl. asci):
A sack-like cell of a hypha in which meiosis occurs
and which contains the ascospores (usually eight in number). 
picture
of ascus
Ascocarp: The fruiting body of ascomycete
fungi bearing or containing asci.
picture
of ascocarp #1
picture
of ascocarp #2
Ascospore (pl. ascospores):
A sexually-produced spore borne in an ascus.
B
Basidiocarp (pl. basidiocarps):
basidia
Basidiomycetes: A group of fungi
producing their sexual spores (basidiospores) on basidia.
Basidiospore (pl. basidiospores):
A sexually-produced spore borne on a basidium. This type of spore is produced
by a group of fungi known as Basidiomycetes.
Biotype (pl. biotypes) A subgroup within
a species usually characterized by the possession of a single or a few
characters in common.
C
Chlorosis (adj. chlorotic):
Yellowing of normally green tissue due to chlorophyll destruction or failure
of chlorophyll formation.
Cleistothecium (pl. cleistothecia):
An entirely closed ascocarp. 
cleistothecia
coenocytic: Hyphae
that are nonseptate; nuclei not separated by cross walls.
Coleoptile (pl. coleoptiles): In
a plant, the first leaf of a monocotyledon forming a protective sheath
around the plumule
Conidium (pl. conidia, adj.= conidial):
An asexual fungus spore formed from the end of a conidiophore.
condia
Conidiophore (pl. conidiophores):
The hyphal branch that bears conidia (3). 
condiophore,
condia
Crown (pl. crowns): Compacted series
of nodes from which culms and roots
arise.(2)
Culm (pl. culms): Stem of a grass plant.
Cuticle: Outer sheath or membrane of a nematode
or plant. (2)
embryo: Seed germ; the rudimentary plant
within a seed (2).
Epidermal cells: Cells composing the epidermis
which is the superficial layer of cells occuring on all plant parts. (1)
Eradicant: fungicide A chemical substance
that destroys a pathogen after it is established. (1)
F
Facultative: A facultative parasite
is a saprophyte that also is capable of parasitism. (2)
Flag leaf: The leaf originating from the first
culm node below the rachis; the uppermost leaf of the plant. (2)
Floret (pl. florets): The head of a
wheat plant is composed of many individual florets in which the kernels
form. Small flower as in a spikelet. (2)
Foot: Basal area of a culm.
(2)
Frost heaving: Movement of the soil in
the winter by freeze-thaw action.
Fructification (pl. = fructifications):
Fruiting body (2)
Fruiting body (pl. fruiting bodies):
Complex sporulating fungal structure. (2)
G
germplasm: xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
germ pore: Thin area within a spore wall
through which a germ tube can emerge (2).
germ tube (pl. = germ tubes): Hypha
resulting from an outgrowth of the spore wall and/or cytoplasm (2).
glume (glumes): Empty bract at the base
of a spikelet (floret) (2)
H
Haustorium (pl. haustoria): Specialized
hypha within penetrated host cells, probably functions in food absorption
(2)
Heading: Term used to describe the emergence
and formation of a grass flowering structure (head).
Honeydew: Ooze or exudate of a sweetish fluid.
(2)
Hymenium: Spore-bearing layer of a fungal
fruiting body.
Hyperparasitism (v. hyperparasitize):
Parasitism of one microorganism by another (2).
Hyperplasia (adj.hyperplastic):
Process of enlargement by excessive cell division (2)
Hypertrophy (v. hypertrophied;
adj. hypertrophic): Process of enlargement by excessive increase
in cell size. (2)
hypha (pl.= hyphae): A thread-like structure
that is part of the body of a fungus. The hyphae absorb water and nutrients
to sustain the fungus.
hyphae
aseptate
hyphae
Hyphal fragments:
I
Inoculum: Pathogen or its parts brought
into contact with a host (2).
J
Jointing: Growth stage manifested by
rapid culm elongation. (2)
Lodged: (lodging): Laying down; culms
approach horizontal rather than vertical. (2)
K
L
M
melanism: Brown-black pigment (2)
Mycelium: (pl. mycelia, adj. mycelial):
a mass of thread-like hyphae that comprises the body of a fungus. (2)
mycoplasm: Prokaryotic organisms, smaller
than conventional bacteria without rigid cell walls and variable in shape.
In plants, mycoplasmas cause symptoms that look like those of viruses.
(2)
Mycotoxin (pl. mycotoxins):
N
Necrosis (adj. necrotic): Death,
usually accompanied by darkening or discoloration. (2)
Node (pl. nodes): Joint of a culm or rachis;
site of attachemnt of leaves and spikelets. (2)
O
Obligate parasite: Organism that can survive
only on or in living tissues.
Oospore (pl. oospores): Thick-walled,
sexually or asexually derived resting spore of Phycomycete fungi such as
Pythium and Phytophthora.
oospore
oogonium
Ovary (pl. ovaries): Female reproductive
structure that contains and ovule or egg.
Oversummer:
Overwintering inoculum (pl. overwinters):
State in which an organism survives the winter (mb)
P
Papillate projection: Bearing a papilla,
i.e. a hump or a swelling (1)
Parasite (adj. Parasitic): Organism
that lives with, in, or on another organims for its own advantage. (2)
Pathovar: In bacteria, a subspecies or group
of strains that can only infect plants within a certain genus or species.
(1)
peduncle: The stem on which the flower (head)
is borne.
Perithecium (pl. perithecia): The
globular or flask-shaped ascocarp of the Pyrenomycetes, having an opening
or pore (ostiole) (1) 
perithecium
Phloem: Food-conducting tissue, consisting
of sieve tubes, companion cells, phloem parenchyma, and fibers. (1)
Photosynthesis: Process of manufacturing
carbohydrates utilizing carbon dioxide, water, and light. (2)
Pigment (pl. pigments): A coloring
matter in animals and plants especially in a cell or tissue. (d)
Primary infection: The first infection
of a plant by the overwintering or oversummering pathogen. (1)
Primary inoculum: The overwintering
or oversummering pathogen, or its spores that cause primary infection.
(1)
Propagule (pl. propagules): The part
of the organism that may be disseminated and reproduce the organism. (1)
Any part of an organism capable of independent growth. (2)
Protectant fungicide: An agent, usually
a chemical, that prevents or inhibits infection by a pathogen. (2)
Pseudothecium (pl. pseudothecia):
Fruiting structure type found in the ascomycete group of fungi. Perithecium-like
ascocarp with a dispersed rather than organized hymenium
(2)
Pustule (pl. pustules): Blister-like
usually erumpent, spot or sorus. (2)
Pycnidium (pl. pycnidia): Asexual,
globose- or flask-shaped fruiting body produced by fungi. (2)
Pycnidiospores: Conidium produced
within a pycnidium. (2)
Q
R
Race (pl. races): A group of individuals
within a variety or species distinquished by behavior not morphology. (2)
Rachis: Axis of the wheat head.
Red spore stage: See urediospore
Respiration: Series of chemical reactions
that produce energy at the expense of oxygen, carbohydrate, and fat. (2)
S
Saprophyte (pl. saprophytes,
adj. saprophytic): Organism that utilizes non-living organic matter
as food. (2).
Sclerotium (pl. sclerotia): Hard,
usually darkened and rounded, mass of dormant hyphae.
Senescence (senescing): The plant
growth phase from full maturity to death that is characterized by an accumulation
of metabolic products, increase in respiratory rate, and a loss in dry
weight, especially in leaves and fruit. (dict.)
Smut balls: Teliospores and accompanying
sterile cells of flag smut fungi. (2)
Soft dough stage:
Soilborne: Refers to an organim that is more
or less a permenant component of the soil flora.
Spikelets: Spike appendage comprised of
glumes and florets.
Spore (pl. spores): One to many-celled
reproductive body in fungi and lower plants. (2)
fungal
spore types: means of identification
Sporidium (pl. sporidia): The basidiospore
of the smut fungi. (1)
sporangia
sporangia,
rhizoids
Stomates: (stomatal): Regulated
opening in the plant epidermis for the passage of gases and water vapor.
(2)
Stroma (pl. stromata): Compact mass
of mycelium (with or without host tissue) that supports fruiting bodies.
(2)
Subcrown internode: Short culm-like connection
between the crown and seed roots of wheat. (2)
Sorus (pl. = sori): A compact mass of
spores or fruiting structure found especially in the rusts and smuts.
Systemic (systemically): Spreading
internally through the plant body; said of a pathogen or a chemical.
T
Teliospore (pl. teliospores):
The sexual, thick-walled resting spore of the rust and smut fungi.
Transpiration (transpires): The
loss of water vapor through leaves.
Turgor pressure: Pressure on a cell that maintains
it in a inflated or swollen state (mb)
U
Uredium (pl. uredia, also uredial):
The fruiting structures of the rust fungi in which urediospores are produced.
Urediospore (pl. urediospores):
Binucleate, dikaryotic (N+N) asexual rust spore.
V
Vascular bundles (vascular tissue,
vascular): Pertaining to conductive tissues - xylem
and phloem.
Vascular pathogen: A pathogen that resides
in and moves through the xylem and/or phloem.
Virulent races: Races of a pathogen
that are capable of causing severe disease; strongly pathogenic.
Vomitoxin (vomitoxins): Toxins that
are known to induce vomiting when consumed (MB)
W
X
Xylem: Water conducting tissue in plants
(2) A plant tissue consisting of tracheids, vessels, parenchyma cells,
and fibers; wood. (1)
Y
Z
Zoospore (pl. zoospores): Flagellated fungal spore capable of locomotion in water.
